Vaccines against genital herpes simplex infections

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides vaccines for treating or preventing a herpes simplex virus infection and methods of using and making the vaccine. Further provided are recombinant herpes simplex virus genomes, recombinant viruses, and immunogenic compositions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 16/784,665,filed Feb. 7, 2020, which is a divisional of application Ser. No.16/148,414, filed Oct. 1, 2018, which is a divisional of applicationSer. No. 15/310,004, filed Nov. 9, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,703,which is the U.S. National Stage of International ApplicationPCT/US2015/029905, filed May 8, 2015, which designates the U.S. and waspublished by the International Bureau in English on Nov. 12, 2015, andwhich claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 61/990,975,filed May 9, 2014; all of which are hereby incorporated herein in theirentirety by reference.

FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with United States Government support undergrant number AI 043000 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. TheUnited States Government has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS A TEXT FILE

The official copy of the sequence listing is submitted electronicallyvia EFS-Web as an ASCII formatted sequence listing with a file named070114-0006SEQLST.TXT, created on May 7, 2015, and having a size of 21.6kilobytes, and is filed concurrently with the specification. Thesequence listing contained in this ASCII formatted document is part ofthe specification and is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of vaccines for treating orpreventing a herpes simplex virus infection.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Genital herpes has a very high global prevalence and disease burden.Recent seroprevalence studies for the years 2005-2010 indicate that 1out of 2 adults in the United States ages 14-49 years old is latentlyinfected with herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) (Bradley et al. (2013) J.Infect. Dis. 209:325-333). Most infected individuals experiencefrequent, but asymptomatic episodes of virus shedding that contribute tohigh virus transmission rates (Hofstetter et al. (2014) Curr. Opin.Infect. Dis. 27:75-83; Tronstein et al. (2011) JAMA 305:1441-1449; Mertz(2008) J Infect. Dis. 198:1098-1100). An increasing number of HSV-1rather than HSV-2 infections are being observed in clinical cases(Roberts et al. (2003) Sex. Transm. Dis. 30:797-800). Importantly,genital HSV infection is considered a risk factor for acquiring humanimmunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) (Anuradha et al. (2008) Indian J.Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol. 74:230-233; Mugo et al. (2011) Sex. Transm.Dis. 38:1059-1066; Reynolds et al. (2003) J. Infect. Dis. 187:1513-1521;Renzi et al. (2003) J. Infect Dis. 187:19-25; Wald and Link (2002) J.Infect. Dis. 185:45-52; Sartori et al. (2011) Virol. J. 8:166), and insome geographical areas HSV-2 infection may be a contributing factor to30-50% of new HIV infections (Brown et al. (2007) AIDS 21:1515-1523;Freeman et al. (2006) AIDS 20:73-83). A successful vaccination strategyagainst HSV-2 infection is predicted to have a dramatic global impact onHIV spread, prevention of genital clinical disease and neonatalinfections (Freeman et al. (2009) Vaccine 27:940-946; Johnston et al.(2014) Vaccine 32:1553-1560; Gottlieb et al. (2014) Vaccine32:1527-1535). Prior HSV immunity may confer only partial protectionagainst HSV re-infection and the appearance of clinical disease symptoms(Hofstetter et al. (2014) Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 27:75-83; Blank andHaines (1973) J. Invest. Dermatol. 61:223-225). Adaptive immuneresponses, particularly tissue specific CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells arecrucial for controlling HSV infections and clearing the virus afterinitial infection. These T cell responses are also important incontaining the virus in a latent state in ganglionic or dorsal neurons,as well as for controlling the virus after reactivation from latency(Koelle et al. (1998) J Clin. Invest. 101:1500-1508; Milligan et al.(1998) J. Immunol. 160:6093-6100; Schiffer and Corey (2013) Nat. Med.19:280-290; Wakim et al. (2008) Immunol. Cell Biol. 86:666-675; Zhu etal. (2007) J. Exp. Med. 204:595-603; Dudley et al. (2000) Virology270:454-463; St. Leger and Hendricks (2011) J. Neurovirol. 17:528-534).Humoral responses have also been implicated in playing an important rolein controlling HSV infectivity, spread, and the rate of reactivationfrom latency (Li et al. (2011) PNAS 108:4388-4393; Morrison et al.(2001) J. Virol 75:1195-1204; Seppanen et al. (2006) J. Infect. Dis.194:571-578).

A number of vaccine approaches and candidates have been evaluated inlaboratory animals and humans including purified peptides, recombinantglycoprotein subunits, inactivated, live attenuated, replicationcompetent and replication defective whole virus, as well as DNA-basedvaccines administered via different routes of immunization (reviewed in:Koelle and Corey (2003) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:96-113; Roth et al.(2012) Microb. Pathog. 58:45-54; Rupp and Bernstein (2008) Expert. Opin.Emerg. Drugs 13:41-52; Dropulic and Cohen (2012) Expert Rev. Vaccines11:1429-1440; and Zhu et al. (2014) Viruses 6:371-390). In adouble-blind controlled, randomized efficacy field trial of a gD-2 HSVvaccine adjuvanted with A04 (Herpevac Trial) in 8323 women, it was foundthat the vaccine was 82% protective against HSV-1 genital disease, butoffered no significant protection against HSV-2 genital disease (Belsheet al. (2012) N. Engl. 1 Med. 366:34-43). This protection correlatedwith induction of neutralizing antibody against gD-2, while cellularimmune responses did not appear to be involved in the observedprotection (Belshe et al. (2014) J. Infect. Dis. 209:828-836; Awasthiand Friedman (2014) J. Infect. Dis. 209:813-815). A newer subunitvaccine approach currently in phase I/IIa clinical trials is based on anattempt to generate a balanced T cell and antibody response through theuse of T-cell epitopes derived from the ICP4 protein and antibodygenerated by the gD2 glycoprotein in conjunction with the proprietaryadjuvant Matrix-M (Roth et al. (2012) Microb. Pathog. 58:45-54).

In principle, live attenuated vaccines have distinct advantages oversubunit and inactivated vaccines, primarily because replication of thepathogen allows for the entire repertoire of pathogen-specific antigenexpression. Given the 83% nucleotide identity shared by both HSV-1 andHSV-2 genomes (Dolan et al. (1998) J. Virol 72:2010-2021), crossprotective immunity may be achieved by a single safe and efficaciousvaccine expressing a large enough repertoire of cross-protectiveantigens. Attempts at generating a live attenuated HSV vaccine havefocused on the preparation of attenuated viruses that can generaterobust immune responses, while minimizing potential virulence in thehost. Generally, entire genes that play important roles in the viruslifecycle have been deleted or otherwise modified to attenuate the virusand allow a more robust production of humoral and cellular immuneresponses. Viral genome modifications include deletions in glycoproteinE (gE) (Brittle et al. (2008) J. Virol 82:8431-8441; Awasthi et al.(2012) J. Virol 86:4586-4598), multiple deletions in γ34.5, UL55-56,UL43.5, US10-12 (Prichard et al. (2005) Vaccine 23:5424-5431), UL5,UL29, UL42, ICP27 genes (van Lint et al. (2007) Virology 368:227-231;Dudek et al. (2008) Virology 372:165-175; Hoshino et al. (2008) Vaccine26:4034-4040; Da Costa et al. (2001) Virology 288:256-263), deletion ofICP0—(Halford et al. (2011) PLoS One 6:e17748) and the UL9 gene(Akhrameyeva et al. (2011) J. Virol 85:5036-5047; Brans et al. (2009) J.Invest. Dermatol. 129:2470-2479; Brans and Yao (2010) BMC Microbiol.10:163; Augustinova et al. (2004) J. Virol 78:5756-5765). Other livevirus vaccines under study include the HSV-1 virus CJ9-gD engineered tooverexpress gD1 and having a dominant negative mutation to prevent virusreplication. This vaccine strain has been reported to protect guineapigs from HSV-2 intravaginal challenge, with marked reduction in vitaltiter and lesion formation (Brans and Yao (2010) BMC Microbiol. 10:163).

Generation of a safe and effective replication competent HSV-1 virus isimportant to not only vaccinate against acquiring HSV infection andreduce HIV prevalence, but also as a safe vaccine vector that could beutilized for expression of heterologous antigens from other pathogens.HSV has many non-essential genes and can stably carry large fragments offoreign DNA. This genetic flexibility is ideal for the expression ofantigens specific to other pathogens (Murphy et al. (2000) J. Virol74:7745-7754; Watanabe et al. (2007) Virology 357:186-198). Alreadyrecombinant HSV expressing granulocyte monocyte colony stimulatingfactor (GM-CSF), a potent chemokine functioning in the maturation ofmacrophages, is being used combined with other chemotherapeutics for thetreatment of squamous cell cancer of the head and neck with promisingphase I/II results (Harrington et al. (2010) Clin. Cancer Res.16:4005-4015). FDA approval for this particular HSV vaccine therapy formelanoma is expected to pave the way for the use of live-attenuatedHSV-based vectors for vaccination against HSV and other pathogens. Seealso, U.S. Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2013/0202639 and 2010/0297085.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides vaccines for treating or preventing aherpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. The vaccines of the inventioncomprise recombinant HSVs. A recombinant HSV of the present inventioncomprises a recombinant HSV genome, particularly a recombinant genomethat is derived from the genome of a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)or a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). In one embodiment of theinvention, the vaccines comprise attenuated, recombinant HSVs that arecapable of replication in a host cell and incapable of entry into axonalcompartments of neurons. The recombinant HSV genomes of the presentinvention have been engineered to comprise at least one modification ineach of the UL53 and UL20 genes. The modifications in the UL53 and UL20genes include, for example, insertions, substitutions, and deletions ofone or more nucleotides that result in changes in the nucleotidesequence of each of these genes.

The present invention further provides methods of immunizing a patientagainst an HSV infection comprising the step of administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount vaccine of the presentinvention.

Additionally provided are recombinant HSV genomes and compositionscomprising a recombinant HSV genome of the present invention including,but not limited to, viruses and immunogenic compositions. Methods forproducing vaccines, immunogenic compositions, and viruses comprising arecombinant HSV genome of the present invention are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B are schematics of the construction of VC2. FIG. 1A: The topline represents the prototypic arrangement of the HSV-1 genome, with theunique long (UL) and unique short (US) regions flanked by the terminalrepeat (TR) and internal repeat (IR) regions. Shown below are theexpanded genomic regions which encompass the open reading frames of UL20and glycoprotein K. In black are the approximate deletions within theirrespective genes. FIG. 1B: A graphical depiction of the glycoprotein K(gK)-UL20 complex interacting with gB. Areas between the black lines onthe graphical depiction represent the approximate location of thedeletion in their respective genes.

FIGS. 2A-2C depict the results of in-vitro analysis of the replicationand entry characteristics of VC2 vs F BAC. FIG. 2A: Plaque morphology ofVC2 vs F BAC on VERO cells 48 hours post infection visualized by IHC anddeveloped with NovaRED substrate. FIG. 2B: Growth curve representativeof the replication kinetics of VC2 vs F BAC at both and low (0.1) andhigh (5) multiplicity of infection (MOI). Samples collected at times 0,2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hours post infection titrated on VEROcells. FIG. 2C: Entry assay depicting VC-2 vs F BAC into Chinese hamsterovary (CHO) cells expressing known herpes virus entry receptors PILRa,nectin-1, HVEM, and NEO for a negative control.

FIGS. 3A-3D provide graphical representations of pre- and post-challengemorbidity. FIG. 3A: Pre challenge percent change in weight in Mock vsvaccinated animals. Percentages normalized to the initial weight at day0. **p≤0.01. Bars represent the 95% confidence interval about the mean.Statistical comparison conducted by SAS using Proc Mixed Type 3 Tests ofFixed Effects. FIG. 3B: Clinical scoring of mice previously receivingmock IM vaccination or 10⁷ PFU IM vaccination of VC2. Two groups (Mockand Vaccinated n=10 each) received a intravaginal challenge of 10⁶ PFUof HSV-2 (G) and 2 groups (Mock and Vaccinated n=10 each) received aintravaginal challenge of 10⁶ PFU of HSV-1 (McKrae). Mice were scored ona scale of 0-6 (0=no disease, 1=ruffled fur and generalized morbidity,2=mild genital erythema and edema, 3=moderate genital inflammation,4=genital inflammation with purulent discharge, 5=hind limb paralysis,6=death). FIG. 3C: Percent change in weights post challenge in Mock vsvaccinated animals challenged with either HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2 (G).Percentages normalized to the initial weight at day 0. **p≤0.01. Barsrepresent the 95% confidence interval about the mean. Statisticalcomparison conducted by SAS using Proc Mixed Type 3 Tests of FixedEffects. FIG. 3D: Correlation between percent change in weight VS.Clinical score of unvaccinated mice Gaussian Approximation p≤0.0001Spearman r=−0.84108.

FIGS. 4A-4D provide photographic illustrations of pathogenesis postchallenge. Disease pathology among mock (FIGS. 4A, 4B) and vaccinated(FIGS. 4C, 4D) animals challenged with either HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2(G) 5 days post challenge. HSV-1(McKrae) and HSV-2(G) infected miceexhibited similar disease progression and pathology in the mock groups(top two panels). Vaccinated mice (bottom two panels) did not exhibitany clinical disease over the observation period post challenge. Milddisease symptoms included ruffled fur, hunching posture, inflammationand redness of vagina (top right). More serious manifestations includedpurulent vaginal discharge (top left).

FIGS. 5A-5B provide Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Vaccinated andmock-vaccinated mice in challenge groups were challenged thorough theintra-vaginal route with 10⁶ PFU of HSV-1 McKrae (FIG. 5A) or HSV-2G(FIG. 5B) 21 days post primary vaccination and observed for 14 days. Onehundred percent of the vaccinated animals in the HSV-1 and HSV-2challenged group survived, while 100% of the mock-vaccinated animalsdied. FIG. 5A: A statistically significant difference was observedbetween the vaccinated and mock-vaccinated groups (p<0.0001) using theGehan-Breslow-Wilcoxin test. FIG. 5B: A statistically significantdifference was observed between the vaccinated and mock-vaccinatedgroups (p<0.0001) using the Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxin test.

FIGS. 6A-6B provide graphical representations of vaginal shedding postchallenge. FIG. 6A: HSV-1 shedding post challenge in mock vs vaccinatedanimals. FIG. 6B: HSV-2 shedding post challenge in mock vs vaccinatedanimals. Significant differences in shed titers noted as *p≤0.05,**p≤0.01, or ***p≤0.0001. Bars represent the 95% confidence intervalabout the mean. Statistical comparison conducted by SAS using The MixedProcedure Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects.

FIGS. 7A-7C provide graphical representations of in-vitro analysis ofhumoral immune response. FIG. 7A: Colorimetric ELISA based analysis ofHSV-1 reactive polyclonal IgG produced 21 days post vaccination n=20.Statistical comparison conducted by SAS using the T test Procedure. Barsrepresent the 95% confidence interval about the mean. FIG. 7B: Titrationof serum neutralizing fixed PFU of HSV-1 (McKrae) normalized to a noserum control n=5. Significant reduction in PFU observed 1:160, 1:80,1:40, and 1:20 dilutions of the sera. Statistical comparison conductedby SAS using The Mixed Procedure and Differences in Least Squares Means.Bars represent the 95% confidence interval about the mean. FIG. 7C:Cross reactive neutralization of HSV-1 (McKrae) and HSV-2 (G) at a 1:20dilution of sera from vaccinated and mock inoculated mice. Percentneutralization normalized to no serum controls. Statistical comparisonconducted by SAS using The Mixed Procedure and Differences in LeastSquares Means. Bars represent the 95% confidence interval about themean. Significant differences noted as *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, or***p≤0.0001.

FIGS. 8A-8F provide graphical representations of in-vitro analysis ofcellular immune response. FIG. 8A: Proliferation of CD4⁺ vs CD8⁺ T cellsfrom mice which received the vaccine and mice which were mock injectedand stimulated with pooled HSV-1 or HSV-2 peptides. (FIGS. 8B-8F) CBAanalysis of secreted cytokine concentration in cell culture supernatantfrom T cell proliferation assay. Statistical comparison conducted by SASusing The Mixed Procedure and Differences in Least Squares Means. Barsrepresent the 95% confidence interval about the mean. Significantdifferences noted as *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, or ***p≤0.0001.

FIG. 9. Proximity ligation assay (PLA) for virus binding and virus entryand cell-to-cell fusion. Primary mouse cortical neurons were infectedwith HSV-1 McKrae or HSV-1 McKraegKΔ31-68 at an MOI of 5. PLA wasperformed at 0 hours post infection with anti-gD and antin-nectin-1 mAbsto detect cell-surface bound virus after absorption of the virus for 2hours at 4° C. (top and bottom left panels) and with anti-dynein andanti-UL37 antibody after 1 hour incubation at 37° C., respectively (topand bottom right panels).

SEQUENCE LISTING

The nucleotide and amino acid sequences listed in the accompanyingsequence listing are shown using standard letter abbreviations fornucleotide bases, and three-letter code for amino acids. The nucleotidesequences follow the standard convention of beginning at the 5′ end ofthe sequence and proceeding forward (i.e., from left to right in eachline) to the 3′ end. Only one strand of each nucleotide sequence isshown, but the complementary strand is understood to be included by anyreference to the displayed strand. The amino acid sequences follow thestandard convention of beginning at the amino terminus of the sequenceand proceeding forward (i.e., from left to right in each line) to thecarboxy terminus.

SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the UL20 gene ofhuman herpes simplex virus 1, strain F (“HSV-1(F)”). The entire genomeof HSV-1 strain F is publicly available as GenBank Accession No.GU734771.1. The GenBank database can be accessed on the World Wide Webat ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank.

SEQ ID NO: 2 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the UL20 protein thatis encoded by the UL20 gene of HSV-1(F).

SEQ ID NO: 3 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the UL53 gene ofHSV-1(F).

SEQ ID NO: 4 sets forth the amino acid sequence of glycoprotein K (gK),which is encoded by UL53 gene of HSV-1(F).

SEQ ID NO: 5 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the modified UL20gene of VC2.

SEQ ID NO: 6 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the modified UL20protein that is encoded by the modified UL20 gene of VC2.

SEQ ID NO: 7 sets forth the nucleotide sequence of the modified UL53gene of VC2.

SEQ ID NO: 8 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the modified gK thatis encoded by modified UL53 gene of VC2.

SEQ ID NO: 9 sets forth the amino acid sequence of the UL20 protein thatis encoded by the UL20 gene of HSV-2. The complete genome of HSV-2including, but not limited to, the nucleotide sequence of the UL20 geneis publicly available as GenBank Accession No. NC_001798.1

SEQ ID NO: 10 sets forth the amino acid sequence of glycoprotein K (gK),which is encoded by UL53 gene of HSV-2. The complete genome of HSV-2including, but not limited to, the nucleotide sequence of the UL53 geneis publicly available as GenBank Accession No. NC_001798.1.

SEQ ID NOS: 11-19 set forth the amino acid sequences of the peptidesshown in Table 2.

SEQ ID NOS: 20-25 set forth the nucleotide sequences of the PCR primersdescribed below in the Example.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present inventions now will be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which some, but not allembodiments of the inventions are shown. Indeed, these inventions may beembodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limitedto the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments areprovided so that this disclosure will satisfy applicable legalrequirements. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forthherein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which theseinventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in theforegoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is tobe understood that the inventions are not to be limited to the specificembodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments areintended to be included within the scope of the appended claims.Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

The present invention provides vaccines for treating or preventing anHSV infection in an animal that is capable of being infected with anHSV, particularly a mammal, more particularly a human. In oneembodiment, the present invention provides vaccines that are useful fortreating or preventing a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection,a herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, or an infection withboth HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 and HSV-2 establish life-long infections andcause significant orofacial and genital infections in humans. HSV-1 isthe leading cause of infectious blindness in the western world.Currently, there are no available vaccines to protect against herpessimplex infections. The vaccines of the present invention comprises arecombinant HSV, particularly a recombinant HSV-1, that has beenengineered to be incapable of entry into axonal compartments of neuronsin a host while be capable of efficient replication in a host cell. Thevaccines of the present invention find use in treating and/or preventingorofacial and genital HSV infections in humans.

The vaccines of the present invention comprise a recombinant HSV thatwas been genetically engineered to contain certain modifications in itsgenome. The recombinant HSV comprises a recombinant HSV genome thatcomprises at least one modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genes.A recombinant HSV genome of the present invention is a non-naturallyoccurring HSV genome that is produced by methods that are disclosedelsewhere herein. A recombinant HSV of the present invention is an HSVcomprising a recombinant HSV genome of the invention.

In the genome of HSV-1, the UL53 gene encodes glycoprotein K (gK), andthe UL20 gene encodes the UL20 protein. Both gK and the UL20 protein aremembrane proteins and are known to form a complex that interacts withglycoprotein B (gB), another HSV-1 encoded membrane protein. It is knownthat the amino terminal regions of both gK and the UL20 protein interactwith gB and that these interactions modulate virus-induced cell fusionmediated by the gK/UL20 protein complex. For the present invention, themodifications in the UL53 and UL20 genes are those that cause changes inthe amino acid sequences of the gK and the UL20 protein, respectively.The modifications in the UL53 and UL20 genes include, for example,insertions, substitutions, and/or deletions of one or more nucleotides,which cause insertions, substitutions, and/or deletions of one or moreamino acids in the proteins encoded thereby. In preferred embodiments ofthe invention, the vaccines comprise live, attenuated, recombinant HSVs.

While the present invention does not depend on a particular biologicalmechanism, it is believed that the modifications in the gK and the UL20protein disrupt or otherwise negatively affect the interaction of thewild-type gK/UL20 protein complex with wild-type gB. Preferredmodifications are modifications in the portions of gK and/or the UL20protein that disrupt or otherwise negatively affect the interaction ofthe wild-type gK/UL20 protein complex with wild-type gB, including, forexample, the amino terminal regions of both gK and the UL20 protein.More preferred modifications are deletions of amino acids in the aminoterminal regions of gK and/or the UL20 protein that disrupt or otherwisenegatively affect the interaction of the wild-type gK/UL20 proteincomplex with wild-type gB. In one embodiment of the invention involvingmodifications to the genome of HSV-1 strain F, (“HSV-1(F)”), themodification in the UL53 gene (SEQ ID NO: 3) is a deletion ofnucleotides, which corresponds to a deletion of nucleotides 112160 to112274 in the genome of HSV-1(F), and which results in the deletion ofamino acids 31 to 68 (SEQ ID NO: 4) in the amino terminal region of gKand the modification the UL20 gene (SEQ ID NO: 1) is a deletion ofnucleotides 10 to 66, which corresponds to a deletion of nucleotides41339 to 41395 in the genome of HSV-1(F), respectively, and whichresults in the deletion of amino acids 4 to 22 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in theamino terminal region of the UL20 protein. In another embodiment of theinvention involving modifications to the genome of HSV-1 strain F,(“HSV-1(F)”), the modification in the UL53 gene (SEQ ID NO: 3) is adeletion of nucleotides, which corresponds to a deletion of nucleotides112160 to 112274 in the genome of HSV-1(F), and which results in thedeletion of amino acids 31 to 68 (SEQ ID NO 4) in the amino terminalregion of gK and the modification the UL20 gene (SEQ ID NO: 1) is adeletion of nucleotides 10 to 81, which corresponds to a deletion ofnucleotides 41324 to 41395, in the genome of HSV-1(F), and which resultsin the deletion of amino acids 4 to 27 (SEQ ID NO: 2) in the aminoterminal region of the UL20 protein.

Other preferred modifications to the UL20 protein include, for example,the deletions of amino acids 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, and 4-26 from a native orwild-type UL20 protein (SEQ ID NO:2).

A preferred recombinant HSV genome of the present invention is the VC2genome. The VC2 genome, which is derived from the genome of HSV-1(F),comprises the deletion of nucleotides 112160 to 112274 from the genomeof HSV-1(F), which results in the deletion of amino acids 31 to 68 inthe amino terminal region of gK and the deletion of nucleotides 41339 to41395 from the genome of HSV-1, which results in the deletion of aminoacids 4-22 in the amino terminal region of the UL20 protein. A viruscomprising the VC2 genome is referred to herein as “VC2” or a “VC2virus”. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences corresponding to UL20and UL53 genes of VC2 are set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 1-4.

The gK and the UL20 proteins of HSV-2 are known to have a high degree ofidentity with, and identical overall predicted 3-dimensional structuresto, the corresponding gK and the UL20 proteins of HSV-1. Moreover, it isknown that the gKA31-68 deletion spans a (3-sheet domain in the aminoterminus of gK that is conserved between HSV-1 and HSV-2. Therefore, itis expected that similar deletions in the gK and UL20 proteins of HSV-2will function the same as the deletions in the gK and UL20 proteins ofHSV-1. Thus, the present invention encompasses the same modifications inthe gK and UL20 proteins of HSV-2 as described above for the gK and UL20proteins of HSV-1.

In an embodiment of the invention involving modifications to the genomeof HSV-2, the modification in the UL53 gene is a deletion which resultsin the deletion of amino acids 31 to 68 (SEQ ID NO: 10) in the aminoterminal region of gK and the modification the UL20 gene is a deletionwhich results in the deletion of amino acids 4 to 22 (SEQ ID NO: 9) inthe amino terminal region of the UL20 protein. In another embodiment ofthe invention involving modifications to the genome of HSV-2, themodification in the UL53 gene is a deletion which results in thedeletion of amino acids 31 to 68 (SEQ ID NO 10) in the amino terminalregion of gK and the modification the UL20 gene is a deletion whichresults in the deletion of amino acids 4 to 27 (SEQ ID NO: 9) in theamino terminal region of the UL20 protein. Other preferred modificationsto the UL20 protein of HSV-2 include, for example, the deletions ofamino acids 4-23, 4-24, 4-25, and 4-26 from a native or wild-type gKprotein (SEQ ID NO: 9)

The present invention involves making modifications to an HSV genome, soas to produce a recombinant HSV genome. Preferably, the HSV genome thatis modified is an HSV-1 or HSV-2 genome. More preferably, the HSV genomethat is modified is an HSV-1 genome. Most preferably, the HSV genomethat is modified is an HSV-1(F) genome. The modifications can be made byany one of more of the methods known in the art for modifying a nucleicacid molecule including, for example, restriction endonucleasedigestion, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, site-directedmutagenesis, ligation, chemical DNA synthesis, and the like. Arecombinant HSV of the present invention that is produced by modifying aparticular HSV genome can also be referred to being derived from thatparticular HSV genome. Typically, the HSV genome that is modified bymethods of the present invention is a naturally occurring or wild-typeHSV genome. However, in certain embodiments, the HSV genome that ismodified by methods of the present invention has been previouslymodified through human intervention involving the use of, for example,recombinant DNA methods or mutagenesis methods involving mutagens suchas, for example, chemical mutagens and radiation.

The present invention further provides the recombinant HSV genomes andrecombinant HSV viruses described above as well as immunogeniccompositions comprising at least one recombinant HSV genome of thepresent invention. In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositionscomprise a recombinant HSV genome that is contained within a recombinantHSV virus. In other embodiments, the immunogenic compositions comprise arecombinant HSV genome that is not contained within a recombinant HSVvirus

The vaccines and other immunogenic compositions of the present inventioncan comprise a live recombinant HSV and/or an inactivated recombinantHSV. Preferably, the vaccines of the present invention comprise a live,attenuated recombinant HSV.

The vaccines and immunogenic compositions can further comprise one ormore pharmaceutically acceptable components including, but not limitedto, a carrier, an excipient, a stabilizing agent, a preservative, animmunostimulant, and an adjuvant. Each of the pharmaceuticallyacceptable components is present in the vaccines and immunogeniccompositions in a pharmaceutically acceptable amount. Such apharmaceutically acceptable amount is an amount that is sufficient toproduce the desired result (e.g. the amount of stabilizer sufficient tostabilize the vaccine after making and until administration) but isconsidered safe for administration to an animal, particularly a human.

The present invention further provides methods of immunizing a patientagainst an HSV infection comprising the step of administering to thepatient a therapeutically effective amount vaccine of the presentinvention. Preferably, the patient is an animal. More preferably, thepatient is a human.

A “therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to thatamount which provides a therapeutic effect for a given condition andadministration regimen. In particular aspects of the invention, a“therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a vaccine orother immunogenic composition of the invention that, when administeredto an animal, brings about a positive therapeutic response with respectto the prevention or treatment of the animal for an HSV infection. Apositive therapeutic response with respect to preventing an HSVinfection includes, for example, the production of HSV antibodies by theanimal in a quantity sufficient to protect against development ofdisease caused by the HSV. Similarly, a positive therapeutic response inregard to treating an HSV infection includes curing or ameliorating thesymptoms of the disease. The phrase “therapeutically effective amount”is used herein to mean an amount sufficient to cause an improvement in aclinically significant condition in an animal, particularly a human.

In some embodiments of the methods of the invention, the therapeuticallyeffective amount of a vaccine of the invention is administered to thepatient in a single dose. In other embodiments, the vaccine isadministered to the patient in multiple doses. It is recognized that thetherapeutically effective amount of a vaccine of the invention can varydepending on the dosing regimen and can even vary from oneadministration to the next in multiple dosing regimens.

The present invention additionally provides methods for producing arecombinant HSV. The methods comprising transfecting a host cell withthe recombinant HSV genome of the present invention and incubating thetransfected host cell under conditions favorable for the formation of arecombinant HSV virus comprising the recombinant HSV genome, whereby arecombinant HSV is produced. Preferably, the host cell is an animal celland can be either a host cell contained in an animal or anin-vitro-cultured animal cell including, for example, an in-vitrocultured human cell. The conditions under which the transfected hostcell is incubated will depend on a number of factors including, but notlimited to, the particular host cell, the amount of the recombinant HSVgenome that is transfected into the host cell, and the particular HSVthat is produced from the recombinant HSV genome. It is recognized thatthose of skill in the art can determine empirically the optimalconditions for producing a recombinant HSV of the present invention in atransfected host cell by methods described elsewhere herein or otherwiseknown in the art. The methods can further comprise the optional step ofpurifying the recombinant HSV virus by separating the recombinant HSVfrom the cellular components of the host cell using standard methodsthat are known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the recombinantHSV comprises a recombinant HSV genome comprising the deletion ofnucleotides 41339 to 41395 and 112160 to 112274 from the genome ofHSV-1(F) (GenBank Accession No. GU734771.1). Such a recombinant HSVgenome encodes both a modified gK in which amino acids 31 to 68 in theamino terminal region of gK from HSV-1(F) have been deleted and amodified UL20 protein in which amino acids 4-22 in the amino terminalregion of the UL20 protein from HSV-1(F) have been deleted. The aminoacid sequences of the modified UL20 protein and the modified gK are setforth in SEQ ID NOS: 6 and 8, respectively. Examples of nucleotidesequences encoding the modified UL20 protein and the modified gK are setforth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 7, respectively. The VC2 genome of theinvention comprises the nucleotide sequences of the modified UL20 andUL58 genes set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 7, respectively.

Further provided are methods for producing a vaccine or immunogeniccomposition. The methods involve producing the recombinant HSVessentially as described above. In particular, the methods for producinga vaccine or immunogenic composition comprise transfecting a host cellwith the recombinant HSV genome of the invention, incubating thetransfected host cell under conditions favorable for the formation of arecombinant HSV virus comprising the recombinant HSV genome, purifyingthe recombinant HSV virus comprising the recombinant HSV genome, andoptionally, combining the purified recombinant HSV virus with at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable component.

Because it is known that the HSV genome can accommodate additional DNAand still form viruses when transfected into a host cell, thecompositions and methods of the present invention also find use intreating and preventing diseases that are caused by other viral andbacterial pathogens. In certain embodiments of the invention one or moregenes encoding a protein antigen from another viral and/or bacterialpathogen is added to a recombinant HSV of the present invention.Transfection of such a recombinant HSV genome into a host cell andincubation of the transfected host cell under conditions favorable forthe formation of a recombinant HSV virus results in the production ofthe antigen(s) in the host cell, whereby an immune response is elicitedin the host cell. Thus, a recombinant HSV genome of the presentinvention can be utilized as a vector for expression of other viral andbacterial pathogens. In one embodiment of the invention, the recombinantHSV genome is the VC2 genome described above and further comprises anadditional gene, preferably an additional gene encoding an antigen,particularly a foreign antigen. Foreign antigens expressed in a hostcell from the VC2 genome are expected to provide a strong adjuvanteffect causing the generation of protective adaptive immune responsesagainst mucosally transmitted pathogens such as HIV and Chlamydiatrachomatis. Unless stated otherwise or apparent from the context ofuse, a foreign antigen for the present invention is an antigen that isnot encoded by a genome of the host cell.

The vaccines and other immunogenic compositions of the present inventioncan comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable componentsincluding, but not limited to, a carrier, an excipient, a stabilizingagent, a preservative, an immunostimulant, and an adjuvant. In general,a pharmaceutically acceptable component does not itself induce theproduction of an immune response in the animal receiving the componentand can be administered without undue toxicity in composition of thepresent invention. As used herein, the term “pharmaceuticallyacceptable” means being approved by a regulatory agency of the Federalor a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopia, EuropeanPharmacopia or other generally recognized pharmacopia for use invertebrates, and more particularly in humans. These compositions can beuseful as a vaccine and/or antigenic compositions for inducing aprotective immune response in a vertebrate.

Carriers include but are not limited to saline, buffered saline,dextrose, water, glycerol, sterile isotonic aqueous buffer, andcombinations thereof. A thorough discussion of pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers, diluents, and other excipients is presented inRemington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Pub. Co. N.J. currentedition), herein incorporated in its entirety by reference. Theformulation should suit the mode of administration. In a preferredembodiment, the formulation is suitable for administration to humans,preferably is sterile, non-particulate and/or non-pyrogenic.

Examples of stabilizing agents, immunostimulants, and adjuvants includealum, incomplete Freud's adjuvant, MR-59 (Chiron), muramyl tripeptidephosphatidylethanolamide, and mono-phosphoryl Lipid A. Preservativesinclude, for example, thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, and parabens. Suchstabilizing agents, adjuvants, immune stimulants, and preservatives arewell known in the art and can be used singly or in combination.

Pharmaceutically acceptable components can include, for example, minoramounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. Thecomposition can be a solid form, such as a lyophilized powder suitablefor reconstitution, a liquid solution, suspension, emulsion, tablet,pill, capsule, sustained release formulation, or powder. Oralformulation can include standard carriers such as pharmaceutical gradesof mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine,cellulose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.

Certain methods of the invention involve administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a vaccine or other immunogenic composition to apatient. The methods of the present invention do not depend of aparticularly method of administering the vaccine or other immunogeniccomposition to the patient. For example, the vaccine or otherimmunogenic composition can be administered orally, intradermally,intranasally, intramusclarly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, orsubcutaneously using routine methods known in the art or disclosedelsewhere herein.

The recombinant HSV genomes of the present invention comprise nucleotidesequences which are modified by methods disclosed herein or otherwiseknown in the art so as to produce a recombinant HSV genome. In oneembodiment of the invention, the recombinant HSV genome comprises: (a)the modified UL20 and UL53 genes set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 7,respectively, (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the modified UL20protein and the modified gK having the amino acid sequences set forth inSEQ ID NOS: 6 and 8, respectively, or (c) a variant nucleotide sequencecomprising at least one modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genes,wherein a virus comprising the recombinant HSV genome capable ofreplication in a host cell and incapable of entry into axonalcompartments of neurons. Such variants include, for example, recombinantHSV genomes that are derived from the genome of HSV-1(F), another strainof HSV-1, or a strain of HSV-2. Preferably, the UL20 and UL53 genes ofsuch variants have at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the full-lengthnucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 7, respectively,and/or the UL20 and UL53 genes of such variants encode UL20 and gKproteins having at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity to the full-length aminoacid sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOS: 6 and 8, respectively.

The present invention encompasses isolated or substantially purifiedpolynucleotide (also referred to herein as “nucleic acid molecule”,“nucleic acid” and the like) or protein (also referred to herein as“polypeptide”) compositions. An “isolated” or “purified” polynucleotideor protein, or biologically active portion thereof, is substantially oressentially free from components that normally accompany or interactwith the polynucleotide or protein as found in its naturally occurringenvironment. Thus, an isolated or purified polynucleotide or protein issubstantially free of other cellular material or culture medium whenproduced by recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemicalprecursors or other chemicals when chemically synthesized. Optimally, an“isolated” polynucleotide is free of sequences (optimally proteinencoding sequences) that naturally flank the polynucleotide (i.e.,sequences located at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the polynucleotide) in thegenomic DNA of the organism from which the polynucleotide is derived.For example, in various embodiments, the isolated polynucleotide cancontain less than about 5 kb, 4 kb, 3 kb, 2 kb, 1 kb, 0.5 kb, or 0.1 kbof nucleotide sequence that naturally flank the polynucleotide ingenomic DNA of the cell from which the polynucleotide is derived. Aprotein that is substantially free of cellular material includespreparations of protein having less than about 30%, 20%, 10%, 5%, or 1%(by dry weight) of contaminating protein. When the protein of theinvention or biologically active portion thereof is recombinantlyproduced, optimally culture medium represents less than about 30%, 20%,10%, 5%, or 1% (by dry weight) of chemical precursors ornon-protein-of-interest chemicals.

“Variants” is intended to mean substantially similar sequences. Forpolynucleotides, a variant comprises a polynucleotide having deletions(i.e., truncations) at the 5′ and/or 3′ end; deletion and/or addition ofone or more nucleotides at one or more internal sites in the nativepolynucleotide; and/or substitution of one or more nucleotides at one ormore sites in the native polynucleotide. As used herein, a “native”polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a naturally occurring nucleotidesequence or amino acid sequence, respectively. Generally, variants of aparticular recombinant HSV genome of the invention will have at leastabout 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or moresequence identity to the recombinant HSV genome as determined bysequence alignment

“Variant” protein is intended to mean a protein derived from the nativeprotein by deletion (so-called truncation) of one or more amino acids atthe N-terminal and/or C-terminal end of the native protein; deletionand/or addition of one or more amino acids at one or more internal sitesin the native protein; or substitution of one or more amino acids at oneor more sites in the native protein. Such variants may result from, forexample, genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologicallyactive variants of a protein will have at least about 80%, 85%, 90%,91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more sequence identity tothe amino acid sequence for the native protein as determined by sequencealignment programs and parameters described elsewhere herein. Abiologically active variant of a protein of the invention may differfrom that protein by as few as 1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10,such as 6-10, as few as 5, as few as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acidresidue.

The proteins of the invention may be altered in various ways includingamino acid substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Methods for suchmanipulations are generally known in the art. Methods for mutagenesisand polynucleotide alterations are well known in the art. See, forexample, Kunkel (1985) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:488-492; Kunkel etal. (1987) Methods in Enzymol. 154:367-382; U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,192;Walker and Gaastra, eds. (1983) Techniques in Molecular Biology(MacMillan Publishing Company, New York) and the references citedtherein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acid substitutions that do notaffect biological activity of the protein of interest may be found inthe model of Dayhoff et al. (1978) Atlas of Protein Sequence andStructure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington, D.C.), hereinincorporated by reference. Conservative substitutions, such asexchanging one amino acid with another having similar properties, may beoptimal.

The deletions, insertions, and substitutions of the protein sequencesencompassed herein are not expected to produce radical changes in thecharacteristics of the protein except for those changes that aredisclosed herein. However, when it is difficult to predict the exacteffect of the substitution, deletion, or insertion in advance of doingso, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the effect will beevaluated by routine screening assays. That is, the activity can beevaluated by assays that are disclosed hereinbelow.

Variant polynucleotides and proteins also encompass sequences andproteins derived from a mutagenic and recombinogenic procedure such asDNA shuffling. Strategies for such DNA shuffling are known in the art.See, for example, Stemmer (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA91:10747-10751; Stemmer (1994) Nature 370:389-391; Crameri et al. (1997)Nature Biotech. 15:436-438; Moore et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol.272:336-347; Zhang et al. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA94:4504-4509; Crameri et al. (1998) Nature 391:288-291; and U.S. Pat.Nos. 5,605,793 and 5,837,458.

PCR amplication methods can be used in making the recombinant HSVgenomes of the present invention. Methods for designing PCR primers andPCR cloning are generally known in the art and are disclosed in Sambrooket al. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (2d ed., ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, Plainview, N.Y.). See also Innis et al.,eds. (1990) PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (AcademicPress, New York); Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1995) PCR Strategies(Academic Press, New York); and Innis and Gelfand, eds. (1999) PCRMethods Manual (Academic Press, New York). Known methods of PCR include,but are not limited to, methods using paired primers, nested primers,single specific primers, degenerate primers, gene-specific primers,vector-specific primers, partially-mismatched primers, and the like.

It is recognized that the recombinant HSV genomes of the presentinvention encompass other nucleic acid molecules comprising a nucleotidesequence that is sufficiently identical to a nucleotide sequencedisclosed herein. The term “sufficiently identical” is used herein torefer to a first amino acid or nucleotide sequence that contains asufficient or minimum number of identical or equivalent (e.g., with asimilar side chain) amino acid residues or nucleotides to a second aminoacid or nucleotide sequence such that the first and second amino acid ornucleotide sequences have a common structural domain and/or commonfunctional activity. For example, amino acid or nucleotide sequencesthat contain a common structural domain having at least about 80%identity, preferably or 85% identity, more preferably 90% or 95%identity, most preferably 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identity, are definedherein as sufficiently identical.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of twonucleic acids, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparisonpurposes. The percent identity between the two sequences is a functionof the number of identical positions shared by the sequences (i.e.,percent identity=number of identical positions/total number of positions(e.g., overlapping positions)×100). In one embodiment, the two sequencesare the same length. The percent identity between two sequences can bedetermined using techniques similar to those described below, with orwithout allowing gaps. In calculating percent identity, typically exactmatches are counted.

The determination of percent identity between two sequences can beaccomplished using a mathematical algorithm. A preferred, nonlimitingexample of a mathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of twosequences is the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990) Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 87:2264, modified as in Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877. Such an algorithm is incorporatedinto the NBLAST and XBLAST programs of Altschul et al. (1990)J Mol.Biol. 215:403. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with theNBLAST program, score=100, wordlength=12, to obtain nucleotide sequenceshomologous to the polynucleotide molecules of the invention. BLASTprotein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50,wordlength=3, to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to proteinmolecules of the invention. To obtain gapped alignments for comparisonpurposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al.(1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389. Alternatively, PSI-Blast can be usedto perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships betweenmolecules. See Altschul et al. (1997) supra. When utilizing BLAST,Gapped BLAST, and PSI-Blast programs, the default parameters of therespective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. LAST, GappedBLAST, and PSI-Blast, XBLAST and NBLAST are available on the World WideWeb at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Another preferred, non-limiting example of amathematical algorithm utilized for the comparison of sequences is thealgorithm of Myers and Miller (1988) CABIOS 4:11-17. Such an algorithmis incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0), which is part ofthe GCG sequence alignment software package. When utilizing the ALIGNprogram for comparing amino acid sequences, a PAM120 weight residuetable, a gap length penalty of 12, and a gap penalty of 4 can be used.Alignment may also be performed manually by inspection.

Unless otherwise stated, sequence identity/similarity values providedherein refer to the value obtained using the full-length sequences ofthe invention using BLAST with the default parameters; or any equivalentprogram thereof. By “equivalent program” is intended any sequencecomparison program that, for any two sequences in question, generates analignment having identical nucleotide or amino acid residue matches andan identical percent sequence identity when compared to thecorresponding alignment generated by BLAST using default parameters.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” is intended to mean afunctional linkage between two or more elements. For example, anoperable linkage between a polynucleotide or gene of interest and aregulatory sequence (i.e., a promoter) is functional link that allowsfor expression of the polynucleotide of interest. Operably linkedelements may be contiguous or non-contiguous. When used to refer to thejoining of two protein coding regions, by operably linked is intendedthat the coding regions are in the same reading frame.

As used herein unless stated otherwise or apparent from the context ofusage, a host cell is an animal cell, preferably a mammalian cell, morepreferably a human cell. Similarly, a host or host organism is ananimal, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human.

Non-limiting examples of the compositions and methods disclosed hereinare as follows:

1. A vaccine for treating or preventing a herpes simplex virus (HSV)infection, the vaccine comprising a recombinant HSV, wherein therecombinant HSV comprises a recombinant HSV genome comprising at leastone modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genes and wherein therecombinant HSV is capable of replication in a host cell and incapableof entry into axonal compartments of neurons.

2. The vaccine of 1, wherein the recombinant HSV genome is derived fromthe genome of HSV-1 or HSV-2.

3. The vaccine of 2, wherein HSV-1 is HSV-1 strain F.

4. The vaccine of any one of 1-3, wherein the at least one modificationis selected from the group consisting of an insertion, a substitution,and a deletion.

5. The vaccine of any one of 2-4, wherein the modified UL53 genecomprises a deletion.

6. The vaccine of any one of 2-5, wherein the modified UL20 genecomprises a deletion.

7. The vaccine of 5 or 6, wherein the deletion in the modified UL53corresponds to the portion of the UL53 gene encoding the amino terminalregion of glycoprotein K (gK).

8. The vaccine of any one of 5-7, wherein the deletion in the modifiedUL53 gene corresponds to the region of the UL53 gene that encodes aminoacids 31-68 of wild-type gK.

9. The vaccine of any one of 6-8, wherein the deletion in the modifiedUL20 gene corresponds to the portion of the UL20 gene encoding the aminoterminal region of the UL20 protein.

10. The vaccine of 6-9, wherein the deletion in the modified UL20 genecorresponds to the region of the UL20 gene that encodes amino acids 4-22of wild-type UL20 protein.

11. The vaccine of any one of 1-10, wherein the genome comprises amember selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;    -   (b) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% identity to        the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;    -   (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;    -   (d) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence        comprising at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;    -   (e) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7;    -   (f) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% identity to        the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7;    -   (g) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 8;    -   (h) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence        comprising at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; and    -   (i) the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d) and the        nucleotide sequence of (e), (f), (g), or (h).

12. The vaccine of any one of 1-11, wherein the recombinant HSV is alive virus.

13. The vaccine of any one of 1-12, wherein the HSV infection comprisesa genital HSV infection.

14. The vaccine of any one of 1-13, wherein the HSV infection comprisesor further comprises an orofacial HSV infection.

15. The vaccine of any one of 1-14, further comprising apharmaceutically acceptable component selected from the group consistingof a carrier, an excipient, a stabilizing agent, a preservative, animmunostimulant, and an adjuvant.

16. A method of immunizing a patient against an HSV infection comprisingthe step of administering to the patient a therapeutically effectiveamount vaccine of any one of 1-15.

17. The method of 16, wherein the patient is a human.

18. An recombinant herpes simplex virus (HSV) genome comprising at leastone modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genes and wherein a viruscomprising the genome is capable of replication in a host cell andincapable of entry into axonal compartments of neurons.

19. The recombinant HSV genome of 18, wherein the recombinant HSV genomeis derived from the genome of HSV-1 or HSV-2.

20. The recombinant HSV genome of 19, wherein HSV-1 is HSV-1 strain F.

21. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 18-20, wherein the at leastone modification is selected from the group consisting of an insertion,a substitution, and a deletion.

22. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 19-21, wherein the modifiedUL53 gene comprises a deletion.

23. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 19-22, wherein the modifiedUL20 gene comprises a deletion.

24. The recombinant HSV genome of 22 or 23, wherein the deletion in themodified UL53 gene corresponds to the portion of the UL53 gene encodingthe amino terminal region of glycoprotein K (gK).

25. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 22-24, wherein the deletionin the modified UL53 gene corresponds to the region of the UL53 genethat encodes amino acids 31-68 of wild-type gK.

26. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 23-25, wherein the deletionin the modified UL20 gene corresponds to the portion of the UL20 geneencoding the amino terminal region of the UL20 protein.

27. The recombinant HSV genome of 23-26, wherein the deletion in themodified UL20 gene corresponds to the region of the UL20 gene thatencodes amino acids 4-22 of wild-type UL20 protein.

28. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 18-27, wherein the genomecomprises a member selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;    -   (b) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% identity to        the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5;    -   (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;    -   (d) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence        comprising at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 6;    -   (e) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7;    -   (f) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% identity to        the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7;    -   (g) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 8;    -   (h) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence        comprising at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence set        forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; and    -   (i) the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d) and the        nucleotide sequence of (e), (f), (g), or (h).

29. The recombinant HSV genome of any one of 18-28, further comprisingan additional gene.

30. The recombinant HSV genome of 29, wherein the additional geneencodes an antigen.

31. The recombinant HSV genome of 30, wherein the antigen is capable ofeliciting an immune response is a host cell against a pathogenic virusor a pathogenic bacterium.

32. The recombinant HSV genome of 31, wherein the pathogenic virus isnot HSV.

33. An immunogenic composition comprising the recombinant HSV genome ofany one of 18-32.

34. The immunogenic composition of 33, wherein the recombinant HSVgenome is contained in a live virus.

35. The immunogenic composition of 33, wherein the recombinant HSVgenome is contained in an inactivated virus.

36. The immunogenic composition of any one of 33-35, further comprisingat least one pharmaceutically acceptable component selected from thegroup consisting of a carrier, an excipient, a stabilizing agent, apreservative, an immunostimulant, and an adjuvant.

37. A virus comprising the recombinant HSV genome of any one of 18-32.

38. The virus of 37, wherein the virus is an isolated virus.

39. A method for producing a vaccine or immunogenic composition, themethod comprising:

-   -   (a) transfecting a host cell with the recombinant HSV genome of        any of 18-32;    -   (b) incubating the transfected host cell under conditions        favorable for the formation of a recombinant HSV virus        comprising the recombinant HSV genome;    -   (c) purifying the recombinant HSV virus comprising the        recombinant HSV genome; and optionally    -   (d) combining the purified recombinant HSV virus with at least        one pharmaceutically acceptable component.

40. The method of 39, wherein the virus is HSV-1 or HSV-2.

41. A method for producing a recombinant HSV, the method comprising:

-   -   (a) transfecting a host cell with the recombinant HSV genome of        any of 18-32; and    -   (b) incubating the transfected host cell under conditions        favorable for the formation of a recombinant HSV virus        comprising the recombinant HSV genome, whereby a recombinant HSV        is produced.

42. The method of 41, further comprising purifying the recombinant HSVvirus produced in (b).

43. The method of 41 or 42, wherein the virus is HSV-1 or HSV-2.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by wayof limitation.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Development of an Attenuated Herpes Simplex VirusVaccine

Previously, it was shown that a gK-null virus was unable to infectganglionic neurons and establish latency after ocular infection of mice(David et al. (2008) Curr. Eye Res. 33:455-467; David et al. (2012) MBio3:e00144-00112). It was further shown that intramuscular vaccination ofmice with the attenuated gK-null virus conferred significant cellularimmune responses and protection against intravaginal challenge of micewith either virulent HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) viruses (Iyer et al.(2013) Virol. J. 10:317). To further improve on this vaccinationapproach, the VC2 mutant virus of the present invention was constructed.The VC2 mutation virus has specific deletions within the genes codingfor glycoprotein K (gK) and UL20. The VC2 virus contains the gKA31-68mutation that prevents the virus from infecting ganglionic neurons afterocular infection in mice (Saied et al. KG. (2014) Curr. Eye Res.39:596-603). In contrast to the gK-null virus that requires replicationin the complementing cell line VK302 that expresses gK, the VC2 viruscan replicate efficiently in infected Vero cells achieving titerssimilar to that of the wild-type HSV-1(F) parental virus in cell culture(Saied et al. KG. (2014) Curr. Eye Res. 39:596-603). Intramuscularinjection of mice with 107 VC2 plaque forming units did not cause anysignificant clinical disease in mice. A single intramuscular vaccinationwith the VC2 virus was very well tolerated at a high infectious dose(10⁷ PFU), produced a robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responseand conferred 100% sterile immunity against lethal intravaginalchallenge with either HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2 (G) viruses. The VC2 virusvaccine elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses capable ofconferring sterile immunity to mice infected via the vaginal route.

Construction and Characterization of the VC2 Vaccine Virus

The VC2 recombinant virus was constructed utilizing the two-stepdouble-Red recombination protocol (Tischer et al. (2006) Biotechniques40:191-197) implemented on the cloned HSV-1(F) genome in a bacterialartificial chromosome (BAC) plasmid (Tanaka et al. (2003) J. Virol77:1382-1391) as described previously (Chouljenko et al. (2009) J. Virol83:12301-12313; Lee et al. (2009) J. Virol 83:6115-6124), and detailedin the Materials and Methods section below. The VC2 virus contains thegKA31-68 deletion (38 aa; gK aa 31-68) in the amino terminus of gK thatprevents the virus from entering into ganglionic neurons after infectionvia the ocular route (Saied et al. KG. (2014) Curr. Eye Res.39:596-603), as well as a deletion of the amino-terminal 19 amino acidsof the UL20 virus (FIG. 1A). Next generation whole genome sequencing wasperformed to validate that only intended mutations were induced into theHSV-1(F) BAG. A total sequence output of Q20 quality that is derivedfrom the predicted per-base quality scores and corresponds to an errorrate of 1% generated 2666 and 4436 coverage for the two biologicalreplica samples sequenced. A total of 37 nt changes and 13 of thatcaused aa differences were detected in comparison to the Gene banksubmission GU 734771 of human herpes simplex virus type 1 (strain F,complete genome), as reported previously for other HSV-1(F) BAG mutantviruses (Kim et al. (2013) J. Virol. 87: 8029-8037). Overall, there wereno nucleotide changes between the parental HSV-1(F) BAG and the derivedVG2 mutant virus with the exception of the engineered deletions withinthe UL20 and gK genes.

It has been previously shown that the amino termini of both gK and UL20interact with gB and that these interactions modulate virus-induced cellfusion mediated by the gK/UL20 protein complex (Chouljenko et al. (2009)J. Virol 83:12301-12313; Chouljenko et al. (2010) J. Virol 84:8596-8606;Foster et al. (2008) J. Virol 82:6310-6323) (FIG. 1B). The UL20Δ4-22mutation does not affect virus replication, although it produces asyncytial phenotype (not shown). However, the simultaneous presence ofthe gKA31-68 and UL20Δ4-22 deletions produce an non-syncytial plaquephenotype, which were 30-40% smaller in size than the parental virus(FIG. 2A). The VC2 virus replicated as efficiently as the parentalwild-type HSV-1(F) BAC virus at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 5.At low MOI (0.1), VC2 replicated with slower kinetics, but achievedsimilar peak virus titers by 36 hpi (FIG. 2B). The VC2 and HSV-1(F) BACviruses exhibited similar entry efficiencies into Chinese hamster ovary(CHO) cells expressing the HSV-1 receptors Nectin-1, and HVEM (FIG. 2C).Both HSV-1(F) and VC2 failed to enter into paired immunoglobulinreceptor-α (PILRα), expressing CHO cells, as reported previously forHSV-1(F) in comparison to HSV-1(McKrae) (Chowdhury et al. (2013) J.Virol 87:3305-3313).

Vaccination and Intravaginal Challenge of VC2 Vaccinated Mice withHSV-1(McKrae) and HSV-2(G) Viruses

Initial safety experiments indicated that the VC2 virus did not producesignificant clinical disease symptoms after intranasal or intramuscularinjection of nearly 10⁷ PFU per mouse, and there was no viral DNA wasdetected by PCR in either dorsal or trigeminal ganglia from these mice(not shown). The vaccine strategy involved intramuscular injection of10⁷ PFU of the VC2 virus in each mouse followed by treatment of mice atday 15 post vaccination via intramuscular injection of Depo Provera, asdescribed previously (Iyer et al. (2013) Virol. J. 10:317), andintravaginal challenge with 10⁶ PFU of either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G)viral strains at day 21 post vaccination. VC2 vaccinated mice weremonitored for clinical disease symptoms and the body weights were alsomonitored daily. No significant clinical disease symptoms were notedthroughout the 15 day observation period. Also, no significantdifferences in body weights of vaccinated versus mock-vaccinated animalswere observed except on day 14 post vaccination (p<0.05) (FIG. 3A).Following vaginal challenge with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G),infected mice were observed daily for disease manifestations. Forfifteen days following challenge, clinical scores and weight measurementwere recorded for all live mice. Mock-vaccinated animals showedpronounced, time-dependent increase in clinical disease symptoms and asignificant concomitant decrease in weight by day 5 post challenge (FIG.3: B, C). Analysis of clinical scores with the corresponding changes inweights of unvaccinated mice revealed a strong correlation betweenincreasing clinical scores and decreasing body weights (FIG. 3D). Thiscorrelation analysis revealed that the observed difference in vaccinatedversus mock-vaccinated animals on day 10 post vaccination was notindicative of significant overall morbidity. Disease symptoms in themildest cases consisted primarily of hair loss, hunched posture and furruffling (not shown). More advanced disease symptoms includedsignificant vaginal and peri-anal erythema and edema and purulentdischarge (FIGS. 4A-4D). As noted previously (Iyer et al. (2013) Virol.J. 10:317), HSV-1(McKrae) caused significant clinical diseaseapproaching that observed in HSV-2(G) infections (FIGS. 4A-4D).

Vaccinated mice were completely protected against lethal challenge. Micein the mock-vaccinated group started dying on day 6 for the HSV-1challenged group, and day 7 in the HSV-2 challenged group. In bothgroups of mice, challenged with either HSV-1 or HSV-2, protectionagainst lethal challenge was significantly higher in vaccinated thanmock-vaccinated animals (p<0.0001) (FIGS. 5A-5B). Vaginal shedding wasassessed for 4 days following challenge. Significant reductions in virusshedding were observed on all days post challenge in the HSV-1 (days 1,2: p=0.0002; day 3: p=0.008; day 4: p=0.0244): and HSV-2 group of mice(day 1: p=0.0014; days, 3-4: p<0.0001). In both cases, vaccinatedanimals did not shed any virus after day 4 post challenge. Overall,lower viral titers were recovered from the vaginas of the HSV-2 than theHSV-1 challenged mice (FIGS. 6A-6B).

To determine whether HSV-1 (McKrae), or HSV-2(G) were able to infectganglionic or dorsal root neurons and establish latent infection,challenged mice were immunocompromised by injection of cyclophosphamidefollowed by injection of dexamethasone at 100 days post challenge. Noinfectious virus was recovered from vaginal swabs of vaccinated micetreated with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone which is known tochemically induce reactivation of virus from latency (Cook et al. (1991)Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32:1558-1561). Similarly, there was noviral DNA detected for either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) in the extractedneuronal tissues by virus type-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) for thevaccinated mice; however, tissues from mock-vaccinated animals revealedthe presence of either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) viral DNA in therespective animal groups (Table 1).

TABLE 1 qPCR¹ of Dorsal Root Ganglia from Vaccinated Animals HSV-1 HSV-2Challenge HSV-1 gD HSV-2 gD Challenge HSV-1 gD HSV-2 gD Positive −1 —Positive — −2 Control Control 161 — — 171 — — 162 — — 172 — — 163 — —173 — — 164 — — 174 — — 165 — — 175 — — 166 — — 176 — — 167 — — 177 — —168 — — 178 — — 169 — — 179 — — 170 — — 180 — — ¹qPCR results fromsacral dorsal root ganglia excised from vaccinated mice challenged witheither HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2 (G). Positive controls were sacral dorsalroot ganglia excised from unvaccinated mice challenged with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2 (G). Samples below the limit of detection aredesignated as ND. The qPCR assays specific for either HSV-1 and HSV-2viral DNA detected as low as 3 viral DNA copies/J.L (see Materials andMethods).

VC2-Induced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses

To assess the relative levels of HSV-1 specific antibodies raised by theVC2 vaccination a commercially available ELISA was utilized to measurethe relative quantity of HSV-specific IgG. In this ELISA, plates werecoated with HSV-1-infected cell extracts and HSV-1 bound antibodies werequantified by colorimetry (see Materials and Methods). All VC2vaccinated mice produced HSV-1-specific antibodies, while none of themock-vaccinated animals produced detectable anti-HSV antibodies (FIG.7A). The VC-2-induced antibodies were tested for ability to neutralizeHSV-1(McKrae) virus. Antisera from five vaccinated and mock-vaccinatedmice were individually tested at serial dilutions for ability toneutralize the virus, as described in Materials and Methods. Substantialneutralization of HSV-1(McKrae) was noted at 1:160, 1:80, 1:40 and 1:20dilutions of each mouse serum (FIG. 7B). To further investigate theneutralization activities of these sera, the 1:20 dilution was chosen totest for ability to neutralize both HSV-1(McKrae) and HSV-2(G).Significant differences were observed between the neutralization ofHSV-1(McKrae) and HSV-2(G) by sera of HSV-1(VC2)-vaccinated animals incomparison to the mock-vaccinated mice, as well as between HSV-1(McKrae)and HSV-2(G) vaccinated animals. However, no significant differenceswere observed between the mock-vaccinated groups (FIG. 7C).

To test for the generation of VC2-specific cellular immune responses, aCFSE-membrane labeling assay was utilized to detect cellularproliferation of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells in the presence of a pool ofspecific peptides representing known or predicted CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ Tepitopes (Table 2). Spleenocytes from vaccinated mice produced both CD8+and CD4+T cell proliferation, while lymphocytes from mock-vaccinatedmice did not respond to the pooled peptide stimuli (FIG. 8A). Additionalanalysis was performed by determining the relative levels of Th1/Th2cytokines in response to the peptide pool. Significant induction ofIFNγ, TNFα, IL-4 and IL-5 were noted, while IL-2 was not significantlyinduced in the vaccinated versus mock-vaccinated mice (FIGS. 8B-8F).

TABLE 2 Peptides Used in Pools for Spleenocyte Stimulation Assays VirusGlycoprotein Locus Amino Acids Reference HSV-1 gD 70-78 SLPITVYYAJ. Immunol. 2010; 184: 2561-71 (SEQ ID NO: 11) HSV-2 gD 77-85 SIPITVYYANA (SEQ ID NO: 12) HSV-1 gD 270-287 YTSTLLPPELSETPN NA (SEQ ID NO: 13)HSV-2 gD 270-287 YTSTLLPPELSDTTN Cell Immunol. 2006; 239: 113-20(SEQ ID NO: 14) HSV-1 gD 278-286 ALLEDPVGTJ. Immunol. 2010; 184: 2561-71 (SEQ ID NO: 15) HSV-2 gD 250-258ALLEDPAGT NA (SEQ ID NO: 16) HSV-1 gB 566-580 HVNDMLGRIAVAWCEVaccine 2011; 29: 7058-66 (SEQ ID NO: 17) HSV-1/HSV-2 gB 161-176ATMYYKDVTVSQVWF J. Immunol. 2010; 184: 2561-71 (SEQ ID NO: 18)HSV-1/HSV-2 gB 499-506 SSIEFARL J. Immunol. 2011; 186: 3927-3933(SEQ ID NO: 19)

DISCUSSION

Because it was known that gK is necessary for infection of ganglionicneurons after ocular infection, the use of a gK-null virus as apotential vaccine for HSV-1 and HSV-2 genital infection wasinvestigated. This initial work demonstrated that gK-null vaccinationproduced effective strong cellular immune responses and providedsignificant protection in mice (Iyer et al. (2013) Virol. J. 10:317).However, replication of the gK-null virus requires the use of acomplementing cell line, negatively impacting the possibility that thisvirus could be produced for human use. In contrast, the VC2 engineeredvirus can efficiently replicate in standard cell cultures, whileretaining the in vivo avirulent characteristics of the gK-null virus.The VC2 virus was highly immunogenic and conferred sterile immunity tovaccinated mice against lethal intravaginal challenge with highlyvirulent HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains.

Construction of the VC2 Virus

It was reported previously that gK forms a functional protein complexwith the UL20 membrane protein that is required for their intracellulartransport, cell-surface expression and ability to modulate gB-mediatemembrane fusion (Foster et al. (2008) J. Virol 82:6310-6323; Foster etal. (2004) J. Virol 78:13262-13277). Modulation of gB fusogenicproperties is mediated via direct protein-protein interactions betweenthe gK and gB amino termini, as well as between the gB carboxyl-terminusand the UL20 amino terminus (Chouljenko et al. (2009) J. Virol83:12301-12313; Chouljenko et al. (2010) J. Virol 84:8596-8606). The VC2virus was constructed based on the hypothesis that disruption of gK/UL20interaction with gB will lead to viral attenuation. This hypothesis wassupported by the fact that deletion of 38 aa from the amino terminus ofgK prevented the virus from infecting ganglionic neurons after ocularinfection of mice. Serial deletions of amino acids 4-22, 4-27, 4-47 and4-48 from the amino terminus of the UL20 protein have revealed thatamino acids 4-27 are dispensable for virus replication in cell culturewith the 4-22 deletion producing similar virus titers to that of theHSV-1(F) parental virus. Therefore, the 4-22 UL20 deletion wasengineered into the VC2 virus to provide an additional safety featurebecause rescue of the VC2 virus by a wild-type genome in vivo wouldrequire a double recombination-rescue event to occur. Moreover,disruption of the UL20 amino terminus would provide additionaldysregulation of gB functions, as evidenced by the fact that theUL20Δ4-22 mutant virus caused virus-induced cell fusion in cell culture(not shown). However, incorporation of the gKΔ31-68 mutation eliminatedthe UL20Δ4-22-induced cell fusion providing additional support for ourlong-standing hypothesis that UL20 and gK cooperate to regulate gB'sfusogenic properties primarily through interactions of the amino-terminiof gK and gB (Chouljenko et al. (2009) J. Virol 83:12301-12313;Chouljenko et al. (2010) J. Virol 84:8596-8606). As expected the VC2virus replicated efficiently in Vero cells in comparison to its parentalvirus HSV-1(F), while it produced on average smaller viral plaques ashas been shown previously for the gKΔ31-68 mutation in both the HSV-1(F)and HSV-1(McKrae) genetic backgrounds (Saied et al. KG. (2014) Curr. EyeRes. 39:596-603; Chouljenko et al. (2009) J. Virol 83:12301-12313).Also, the VC2 virus efficiently utilized the nectin-1 and HVEM receptorsfor virus entry except the PILRα receptor, as shown previously for theHSV-1(F) virus (Chowdhury et al. (2013) J. Virol 87:3305-3313).

Vaccination Experiments

It was previously shown that HSV-1(F) BAC does not cause substantialdisease symptoms after ocular infection of mice, in contrast to thehighly virulent HSV-1(McKrae) strain, although both viruses are readilytransmitted to ganglionic neurons and establish latency (Saied et al.KG. (2014) Curr. Eye Res. 39:596-603; Kim et al. (2014) Curr. Eye Res.39:1169-77). Consistent with these previously reported results, safetyexperiments performed by intranasal infection with 10⁶ PFU of eitherHSV-1(F) BAC or VC2 viruses revealed no apparent clinical symptoms andabsence of detectable viral genomes in trigeminal ganglia. Similarly,infectious doses of up to 10⁷ PFU of either HSV-1(F) BAC or VC2delivered intramuscularly did not produce any significant clinicaldisease symptoms and there was no viral DNA detected in eithertrigeminal or dorsal root ganglia of infected mice.

Glycoprotein K has been associated with increased virulence andimmunopathogenesis. Specifically, ocular infection of mice previouslyvaccinated with gK exacerbated corneal immunopathogenesis, while anHSV-1 virus expressing two copies of the gK gene was significantly morevirulent than the wild-type virus (Allen et al. (2014) Invest.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 55-2442-2451; Allen et al. (2010) Virology399:11-22; Ghiasi H et al. (2000) Virus Res. 68:137-144; Mott et al.(2009) Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50:2903-2912; Mott et al. (2007) J.Virol 81:12962-12972). Recently, it has been reported that the gKΔ31-68mutation attenuates the highly virulent ocular HSV-1(McKrae) strain andprevent infection of trigeminal ganglionic neurons after ocularinfection (Saied et al. KG. (2014) Curr. Eye Res. 39:596-603). The VC2vaccine strain contains the gKΔ31-68 mutation, which is expected toattenuate the virus and prevent infection of ganglionic neurons.Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that VC2 is substantially saferthan HSV-1(F) BAC, since it contains double gene deletions in gK andUL20 associated with defects in neuronal entry.

In general, live-attenuated viral vaccines mimic natural infections andinduce more robust humoral and cellular immune responses against a broadspectrum of viral proteins. In contrast, subunit vaccines can only carrya limited number of immunogenic epitopes and do not directly induceinnate immune responses, as is the case with live virus vaccines.Intramuscular immunization with the VC2 virus produced neutralizingantibody against both HSV-1(McKrae) and HSV-2(G) virus. HSV-1 and HSV-2share a relatively high degree of protein sequence homology and areknown to induce type-common antibodies (cross reactive between HSV-1 andHSV-2) that recognize major antigenic viral determinants, the majorityof which constitute sequential and conformational domains of viralglycoproteins (Kousoulas et al. (1988) Virology 166:423-431; Pereira etal. (1980) Infect. Immun. 29:724-732). Moreover, pre-existing HSV-1exposure is known to reduce the severity and duration of HSV-2 infection(Koelle and Corey (2003) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 16:96-113) suggesting theelicitation of type-common immune responses.

Assessment of T cell responses was facilitated by the use of pools ofselected and well-characterized peptides representing gB and gD-specificCD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes, as reported previously (Iyer et al.(2013) Virol. J. 10:317), including few more viral peptides(supplemental FIG. 1B). Proliferation of T-cells cultured with pooledpeptides is a direct measure of memory T cells capable of recognizingthe epitopes present in the peptide pool only. As such, they mayunderestimate the overall T-cell response against the HSV proteome thatis expressed by the VC2 vaccine. As reported previously, the mostprominent T cell response observed in gK-null vaccinated mice was fromgB-specific CD8+T cells (specifically peptide 161-176). Interestingly inhuman patients, this particular T-cell epitope has been identified asimmunodominant, recalling the strongest HLA-DR-dependent CD4+T-cellproliferation and IFN-γ production in contrast to other epitopes(Chentoufi et al. (2008) J. Virol 82:11792-11802). The gB (161-176) andgB (499-506) peptide sequences are identical between HSV-1 and HSV-2,therefore, it was hypothesized that immune responses directed towardthese two epitopes may contribute to the observed cross-protectionagainst both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections. In addition, most otherpeptides utilized for the proliferation assays exhibited a high level ofamino acid conservation and homology in the HSV-1 and HSV-2 proteomessuggesting that they may also be involved in the induction ofcross-protective immunity.

Intramuscular vaccination with the VC2 virus followed by intra vaginallethal challenge with either HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2 (G) protected 100%of the vaccinated mice, while all mock-vaccinated mice died.Importantly, infectious virus could not be recovered afterimmunosuppression of vaccinated and challenged mice and the ganglia ofthese mice did not contain detectable viral DNA. Collectively theseresults, with the observed rapid inhibition of virus replication ininfected vaginal tissues in vaccinated versus mock-vaccinated mice,suggests that protection against the challenging viruses was conferredlargely by limiting virus replication in infected vaginal tissues.

Adaptive immune responses are essential for providing protection againstHSV-1 and HSV-2 infections (Dropulic and Cohen (2012) Expert Rev.Vaccines 11:1429-1440; Coleman and Shukla (2013) Hum. Vaccin.Immunother. 9:729-735; Dervillez et al. (2012) Future Virol. 7:371-378).Recently, it was shown that HSV-2-specific CD8+T cells generated afterchemo-attractant therapy given vaginally in mice mediate long-livedprotection against HSV-2 challenge (Shin and Iwasaki (2012) Nature491:463-467). Our observations of the inhibition of viral replication invaginal tissues within the first 3-4 days post infection suggests thatthe induction of neutralizing antibodies and the rapid local recruitmentof cytotoxic T-cells are sufficient to protect against HSV infection.This theory is supported by the presence of neutralizing IgG antibodiesand the development of potent memory T cell pools in the vaccinatedmice. Additional studies are needed to assess the level oftissue-specific, intra-vaginal immunity to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infectionsafter a single dose of VC2.

Ideally, a live-attenuated vaccine could be used for both prophylacticand therapeutic purposes. Elicitation of robust tissue-specific T-cellmemory responses would confer substantial advantage in limitingreplication of reactivated virus, as well as inhibiting secondaryinfections. It is also possible, that CD8+T cells may be sufficient toprevent viral reactivation from latently infected neurons. The VC2 viruscould be effectively utilized as a vector for expression of other viraland bacterial pathogens. VC2 expressed foreign antigens may takeadvantage of the innate immune responses elicited by the VC2 virus thatlead to a strong adaptive immune response enabling the induction ofprotective adaptive immune responses against additional mucosallytransmitted pathogens such as HIV and Chlamydia trachomatis.

Ideally, a live-attenuated vaccine could be used for both prophylacticand therapeutic purposes. Elicitation of robust tissue-specific T-cellmemory responses would confer substantial advantage in limitingreplication of reactivated virus, as well as inhibiting secondaryinfections. It is also likely, that CD8+T cells may prevent viralreactivation from latently infected neurons. The VC2 virus could beeffectively utilized as a vector for expression of other viral andbacterial pathogens. VC2 expressed foreign antigens may provide a strongadjuvant effect causing the generation of protective adaptive immuneresponses against mucosally transmitted pathogens such as HIV andChlamydia trachomatis.

In summary, the results disclosed herein demonstrate that an attenuatedHSV-1 vaccine has been developed with at least two important properties.First, the vaccine is avirulent because it cannot enter into neurons dueto two small deletions in the amino termini of glycoprotein K (gK) andthe membrane protein UL20. Second, the vaccine virus when inoculatedintramuscularly into mice protected them 100% against lethalintravaginal challenge with either virulent herpes simplex virus type-1(McKrae) and virulent herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2G). There were nosymptoms of any kind associated with herpetic disease in the challengedmice. Importantly, the vaccinated mice developed “sterile” immunity,since there was not viral HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2G viral DNA detected inthe dorsal ganglia of challenged mice. Protection was associated withhigh neutralizing antibodies against both viruses and induction ofrobust cytotoxic T cell responses. It is expected that the vaccine willproduce similar results in humans.

There is no available vaccine against herpes simplex virus. However,there are at least few vaccines that are being pursued by others, mostnotably a live-attenuated virus produced by Sanofi-Pasteur. However, thevaccine of the present invention is far superior to the Pasteur-Sanofivirus, since it does not infect neutrons and establish latency andprocedures sterile immunity that has never been demonstrated before forany other herpes simplex vaccine.

Materials and Methods Viruses

VC2 recombinant virus construction was performed using double redrecombination system in E. coli SW 105 cells as described previously(Tischer et al. (2006) Biotechniques 40:191-197). Briefly, specificoligonucleotides designed to delete (aa 31-68) within the ORF encodingthe HSV-1 gene UL53 (gK) were used first to generate the respective BACcloned into E. coli. After transfection of the Vero cells therecombinant HSV-1 virus gKΔ31-68 was recovered. Fresh Vero cells wereinfected with this virus and circular viral DNA was isolated 6 hourspost infection (hpi) using the method previously described (Hirt (1967)J Mol. Biol. 26:365-369). Virus DNA was electroporated into SW 105 cellsand a second round of recombination was performed using specificoligonucleotides designed to delete (aa 4-22) within the ORF encodingHSV-1 gene UL20. Recombinant virus VC2 was recovered after transfectionof Vero cells. Double deletions within the gK and UL20 genes wereconfirmed by capillary DNA sequencing. The absence of any othermutations within all HSV-1 structural proteins was confirmed by NGSsequencing using Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. Stocks of VC2,HSV-1 (McKrae), and HSV-2 (G), were grown to high titers and titrated inVero cells.

Next Generation Genomic DNA Sequencing

DNA sequencing of the HSV-1 VC2 mutant virus was performed using the IonTorrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) and the 316 sequencing Chip (LifeTechnologies). Two independent total DNA samples derived from infectedVero cells and from partially purified virions were isolated using thePureLink Genomic DNA mini Kit (Invitrogen). The Ion Xpress Plus FragmentLibrary Kit (Life Technologies) was used to prepare high-qualityfragment libraries from approximately 1 mg of total DNA.Template-positive Ion Sphere Particles (ISPs) containing clonallyamplified DNA were produced using the Ion OneTouch 200 Template Kit v2DL (for 200 base-read libraries) with the Ion OneTouch instrument. TheIon OneTouch ES instrument was used to enrich ISPs intended for the IonPGM System using the Ion PGM 200 Sequencing Kit.

In-Vitro Characterization

Replication kinetics assay was performed on confluent monolayers ofgreen African monkey kidney cells (Vero) in 12 well plates. Infectionswith either HSV-1 (F) or mutant virus VC2 were performed at an MOI of0.1 and 5. Inoculated plates were placed at 4° C. for 1 hour to allowfor virion attachment and returned to 37° C. for another hour to allowfor entry. Plates were then washed with 1× Phosphate Buffered Saline anda final volume of 1 mL of complete DMEM 10% heat inactivated FBS appliedto each. Plates were frozen at −80° C. until titrated for the followingtimes post infection; 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 36 hours. Sampleswere titrated on confluent monolayers of Vero cells. Infected cellcultures were fixed 48 hpi using formalin-acetic acid-alcohol (FAA) andstained with crystal violet. Plaques were counted using a lightmicroscope and virion titers expressed as PFU/mL were derived for eachsample.

Entry assay into CHO cells expressing known HSV-1 entry receptors wasconducted as described in Chowdhury et al. (Chowdhury et al. (2013) J.Virol 87:3305-3313). Plaque morphology assays were conducted onconfluent monolayers of Vero cells in 6-well formats. Virus was serialdiluted until single isolated plaques were visible. Immunohistochemistrywas performed using polyclonal rabbit anti-HSV-1 primary antibody (Dako,Denmark), polyclonal goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulins HRP conjugatedsecondary antibody (Dako, Denmark), and visualized using Vector® NovaREDSubstrate Kit (Vector, Burlingame, Calif.). Substrate was allowed todevelop until sufficient coloration for microscopic imagery.

Safety and Neurovirulence

Route of administration for neurovirulence assessment was conducted byinoculation of 20 mice with 10⁶ PFU either intranasally orintramuscularly, 10 in each group. Mice were monitored daily for 20 dayspost inoculation for the manifestation of disease. On day 21, mice weresacrificed and trigeminal ganglia for intranasal inoculations and dorsalroot ganglia (for intramuscular inoculations) were collected. Totaltissue DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit(Qiagen) and viral genomes were estimated using quantitative PCR.

Vaccination

All animal studies were carried out after the appropriate approvals wereobtained from the Louisiana State University Institutional Animal Careand Use Committee. Six week old female Balb/c mice (LSU DLAM BreedingColony, Baton Rouge, La.) were used in this study. Each mouse wasidentified with an ear tag (National Band and Tag Company, KY, USA).Mice were divided into two groups to receive either the vaccine or mockinoculations. Eighty mice, 40 in each group, were mildly anesthetized byinhalation of 2-3% isoflurane and administered a single 100 uLintramuscular injection of either 1×10⁷ PFU of VC-2 or equivalent volumeof conditioned media. Mice were then observed daily collecting weightand clinical observations.

Tissue Collection and Analysis

On day 21 post vaccination 20 mice from each group were anesthetized byinhalation of 2-3% isoflurane and bled via cardiac stick. Maximum volumeof blood was collected and mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation.Blood was allowed to clot at 4 C overnight in 5 mL falcon tubes (BectonDickinson, Franklin lakes, NJ) and serum collected into 2 mL SarstedtScrew Cap Micro Tubes (Sarstedt Inc, Newton, N.C.) and stored at −20 Cuntil use. Spleens were excised from euthanized animals, minced andpassed through a 10 um nylon mesh cell strainer (Fisher Scientific) inHank's Balanced Salt Solution. Cell suspensions were then pelleted bycentrifugation at 300×g for 5 minutes and frozen in 5% DMSO HeatInactivated Fetal Bovine Serum at a concentration of 10⁷ cells/ml. Cellswere stored in liquid nitrogen until use.

Dorsal root ganglia were excised as described in Murphy et al. (2000) J.Virol 74:7745-7754. Briefly, the peritoneal cavity of the mouse wasopened and eviscerated of all organs. Tissues covering the ventralportion of the spine were removed. Dissection was conducted undermagnification with a dissecting microscope. Carefully with curvedscissors the spinal column was cut medially and scissors inserted intothe subarachnoid space to make two lateral cuts along the length of thespine. Spinal cords were removed with attached dorsal root ganglia. DNAwas extracted using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QiagenSciences, Maryland, USA) as per the manufactures instructions and DNAwas precipitated with an equal volume of isopropanol plus 0.3 M sodiumacetate, washed with 70% ethanol, and resuspended to a final volume of50 μL nuclease free water.

Polychromatic Flow Cytometry and Analysis

Cryopreserved Cells were resuspended at a concentration of 10⁶ cells/mLand labeled with the membrane stain Carboxyfluorescein succinimidylester (CFSE). Labeled cells were then cultured at a concentration of 10⁵cells/well in a 96 well U-bottom plate and incubated at 37° C. and 5%CO2 for 7 days in the presence of pooled peptides specific to eitherHSV-1 or HSV-2 at a concentration of 10 μg/mL Cells were then stainedwith polyclonal anti-mouse CD4 antibody conjugated to PE (BDBiosciences) and polyclonal anti-mouse CD8a antibody conjugated to APC(BD Biosciences). Proliferation of labeled T cell subsets was assessedusing an Accuri C6 personal flow cytometer. Unstimulated CFSE-labeledspleenocytes were used to establish the CFSE^(bright) population and todefine the gating used to quantify CFSE^(dim) (proliferating) T cells.

Supernatants from cultured spleenocytes were stored at −20 C untilanalysis. Cytokine responses from cultured spleenocytes were analyzedusing the BD™ Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) Mouse Th1/Th2 Cytokine Kit (BDBiosciences, San Diego, Calif.) read using a Bioplex analyzer (Bio-Rad,Hercules, Calif.) as per the manufacturer's instructions.

Challenge

On day 15 post vaccination mice were administered Depo Provera (Upjohn,Kalamazoo, Mich.) via intra muscular injection as described previouslyIyer et al. (Iyer et al. (2013) Virol. J. 10:317) On the day ofchallenge mice vaginas were swabbed with sterile polystyrene applicatortips dipped in 100 μL DMEM containing 50 mg/L primocin. 10⁶ plaqueforming units of highly virulent HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2 (G) wereinstilled in the vaginal vault and mice were closely monitored daily forclinical manifestation of disease recording daily weight and clinicalscores. Mice were scored on a scale of 0-6 (0=no disease, 1=ruffled furand generalized morbidity, 2=mild genital erythema and edema, 3=moderategenital inflammation, 4=genital inflammation with purulent discharge,5=hind limb paralysis, 6=death). On the day an animal succumbed todisease, or on the day of sacrifice pertinent tissues were collected andpreserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin (American Mastertech, Lodi,Calif.). Whole vaginas and brains were excised and submitted tohistological staining. Unvaccinated challenged tissues were similarlycollected and stained for the presence of virus at the time of death.

Latency Reactivation

Reactivation was conducted as described in Cook et al. (1991) Invest.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 32:1558-1561. Briefly, on day 100 post challengevaccinated mice, which had already survived challenge, received a seriesof intravenous injections. First 5 mg of cyclophosphamide (Baxter,Deerfield, Ill.) followed 24 hours later by 0.2 mg of dexamethasone(Butler Schein, Dublin, Ohio) injected via the same route. Mice weremonitored daily for any clinical manifestation of disease. Vaginal swabsamples were taken daily for 5 days prior to and post administration ofcyclophosphamide and dexamethasone after which surviving mice weresacrificed for analysis of excised nervous tissue for the presence ofviral DNA.

Quantitative PCR

Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were resected from vaccinated mice andunvaccinated controls, challenged with either HSV1 McKrae or HSV2-G. TheDRGs were vigorously aspirated and DNA was extracted using the QiagenDNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit as per the manufacturer's instructions. Theeluted DNA was quantified using a Nanodrop 1000™ spectrophotometer.Equal amounts of DNA from each sample were used to perform quantitativereal-time PCR analysis on an Applied Biosystems 7900HT Fast Real-TimePCR System. Viral DNA from purified HSV-1 (McKrae) and HSV-2(G) wereused as positive controls. The following primer/probe combinations wereused to specifically detect HSV-1 (McKrae) or HSV-2(G) (see also Table1):

(1) HSV1gDFP (SEQ ID NO: 20) ACGTACCTGCGGCTCGTGAAGA (2) HSV1 Probe(SEQ ID NO: 21) Fam-AGCCAAGGGCTCCTGTAAGTACGCCCT-Tamra (3) HSV1 gD RP(SEQ ID NO: 22) TCACCCCCTGCTGGTAGGCC (4) HSV2gDFP (SEQ ID NO: 23)CCGCGGGTACGTACCTGCGGCTAG (5) HSV2 Probe (SEQ ID NO: 24)HEX-GGCCC GCGC/ZEN/CTCCTGCAAGTACGCTCT-IABkFQ and (6) HSV2 gD RP(SEQ ID NO: 25) GCCCTGTTGGTAGGCCTTCGAGGTG.

To determine the sensitivity of the qPCR assay, HSV-1 and HSV-2 genomicDNA were quantified and their respective molar concentrations wascalculated using the formula: {μg DNA×(pmol/660)×(10⁶ pg/1μg)×(1/N)=pmol DNA, where N=number of nucleotides}. Ten-fold serialdilutions ranging from 10⁵-10″ molecules were used as template samplesin Taqman PCR reactions, and water was used a no template control. qPCRwas performed on the Applied biosystems 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCRSystem. HSV target DNA was detected at the lowest dilution (2.7×10⁻⁸ μgof DNA) containing 3 copies per μL. No viral DNA was detected in the notemplate control sample. The linear range of detection ranged from 3 to10⁶ viral DNA copies with mock-vaccinated mice exhibiting more than 10⁶viral DNA copies per sample.

Virus Shedding

On the day of challenge, before administration of virus, and dailyfollowing inoculation, vaginas were swabbed with sterile polystyreneapplicator tips dipped in 100 μL DMEM containing 50 mg/L Primocin(InvivoGen, San Diego, Calif.). Swab samples were stored at −80° C.until titration. Titration of swab samples was conducted on confluentmonolayers of Vero cells. Samples were resuspended in 900 μL of DMEM+50mg/L Primocin for an initial dilution of 10⁻¹ and diluted in 10 foldincrements out to 10⁻⁶. 250 μL of each dilution was plated in duplicateand incubated at 24° C. for 1 hour. Dilutions were then aspirated andwells were covered with 1% DMEM methylcellulose containing 1% FBS and 50mg/L Primocin. Plates were then incubated at 37° C. with 5% CO2 for36-48 hours until visible plaques had formed. Plates were then fixedwith FAA and stained with crystal violet. Plaques were counted atdilutions yielding greater than 20 plaques per well.

Antibody ELISA and Serum Neutralization

Relative anti-HSV-1 IgG serum concentrations were quantified usingcommercially available Mouse/Rat HSV-1 IgG ELISA (Calbiotech, SpringValley, Calif.). Serum collected on day 21 was used to neutralize 50 μLof stock HSV-1 McKrae and HSV-2 G. Serum was first diluted 1:10 incomplete DMEM containing 10% heat inactivated FBS. Diluted serum wasthen two fold serial diluted to 1:160. 50 μL of stock virus was thenadded to each dilution of serum, 50 μL each, to a total volume of 100μL. Addition of virus made serum dilutions 1:20, 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, and1:320. Serum virus mixtures were then placed on a rocker at roomtemperature for 1 hour and frozen at −80 C until titration on Verocells.

Example 2: The gKΔ31-68 Mutation Prevents HSV Entry in Neuronal Axons

Recently, a novel assay was developed for the assessment of virion entryinto cytoplasm of cells by adapting the proximity ligation assay (PLA)(Jarvius et al. (2007) Mol. Cell. Proteomics 6:1500-1509; Soderberg etal. (2006) Nat. Methods 3:995-1000; Soderberg et al. (2008) Methods45:227-232). PLA has been extensively utilized to determine whether twodifferent proteins colocalize and likely interact in the cytoplasm ofcells. PLA is performed by first attaching specific antibodies to thetwo proteins of interest, and then attaching to these primary antibodiestwo secondary antibodies covalently linked with a short DNA primer. Whenthe two primers are in close proximity to each other, they can interactwith two other circle-forming primers that are added later. Enzymaticligation of these two fluorescently-labeled oligonucleotides followed bypolymerase-dependent rolling circle amplification result in thegeneration of intense fluorescence visualized as a distinct bright spotusing a fluorescence microscope (Jarvius et al. (2007) Mol. Cell.Proteomics 6:1500-1509; Soderberg et al. (2006) Nat. Methods3:995-1000). PLA was utilized to detect the known gD/Nectin-1interactions on infected cell surfaces immediately after a 2 houradsorption of the virus at 4° C. on ganglionic neurons, when the viruswas attached to cell surfaces, but not yet entered into cells (FIG. 9).To determine cytoplasmic entry we specifically targeted the UL37tegument protein and dynein, since published literature has suggestedthat UL37/UL36 protein complex interacts with the dynein motor complex.PLA using anti-UL37 and anti-dynein antibodies detected UL37colocalization with dynein in the cytoplasm after incubation of theinfected cells at 37° C. for one hour (FIG. 9). This assay effectivelydemonstrates that HSV-1 (McKrae) gKΔ31-68 attached efficiently, but wasdefective for entry into neuronal axons.

The article “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or more thanone (i.e., to at least one) of the grammatical object of the article. Byway of example, “an element” means one or more element.

Throughout the specification the word “comprising,” or variations suchas “comprises” or “comprising,” will be understood to imply theinclusion of a stated element, integer or step, or group of elements,integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other element, integeror step, or group of elements, integers or steps.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specificationare indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which thisinvention pertains. All publications and patent applications are hereinincorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent application was specifically and individuallyindicated to be incorporated by reference.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail byway of illustration and example for purposes of clarity ofunderstanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modificationsmay be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A vaccine for treating or preventing a herpes simplex virus (HSV)infection, the vaccine comprising a recombinant HSV, wherein therecombinant HSV comprises a recombinant HSV genome comprising at leastone modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genes and wherein therecombinant HSV is capable of replication in a host cell and incapableof entry into axonal compartments of neurons.
 2. The vaccine of claim 1,wherein the recombinant HSV genome is derived from the genome of HSV-1or HSV-2.
 3. The vaccine of claim 2, wherein HSV-1 is HSV-1 strain F. 4.The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the at least one modification isselected from the group consisting of an insertion, a substitution, anda deletion.
 5. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the modified UL53 genecomprises a deletion.
 6. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the modifiedUL20 gene comprises a deletion.
 7. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein thedeletion in the modified UL53 corresponds to the portion of the UL53gene encoding the amino terminal region of glycoprotein K (gK). 8-10.(canceled)
 11. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the recombinant HSVgenome comprises a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; (b) a nucleotide sequencecomprising at least 90% identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 5; (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) a nucleotide sequence encoding an aminoacid sequence comprising at least 90% identity to the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (e) the nucleotide sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 7; (f) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90%identity to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; (g) anucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 8; (h) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequencecomprising at least 90% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 8; and (i) the nucleotide sequence of (a), (b), (c), or (d)and the nucleotide sequence of (e), (f), (g), or (h).
 12. The vaccine ofclaim 1, wherein the recombinant HSV is a live virus.
 13. The vaccine ofclaim 1, wherein the HSV infection comprises a genital HSV infection.14. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein the HSV infection comprises orfurther comprises an orofacial HSV infection.
 15. The vaccine of claim1, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable component selected from thegroup consisting of a carrier, an excipient, a stabilizing agent, apreservative, an immunostimulant, and an adjuvant.
 16. A method ofimmunizing a patient against an HSV infection comprising the step ofadministering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of thevaccine of claim
 1. 17. (canceled)
 18. A recombinant herpes simplexvirus (HSV) genome comprising at least one modification in each of theUL53 and UL20 genes and wherein a virus comprising the genome is capableof replication in a host cell and incapable of entry into axonalcompartments of neurons. 19-27. (canceled)
 28. The recombinant HSVgenome of claim 18, wherein the genome comprises a member selected fromthe group consisting of: (a) the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ IDNO: 5; (b) a nucleotide sequence comprising at least 90% identity to thenucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5; (c) a nucleotide sequenceencoding the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) anucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence comprising at least90% identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (e)the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; (f) a nucleotidesequence comprising at least 90% identity to the nucleotide sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO: 7; (g) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acidsequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; (h) a nucleotide sequence encodingan amino acid sequence comprising at least 90% identity to the aminoacid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; and (i) the nucleotide sequenceof (a), (b), (c), or (d) and the nucleotide sequence of (e), (f), (g),or (h).
 29. The recombinant HSV genome of claim 18, comprising anadditional gene encoding an antigen. 30-32. (canceled)
 33. Animmunogenic composition comprising the recombinant HSV genome of claim18. 34-36. (canceled)
 37. A virus comprising the recombinant HSV genomeof claim
 18. 38. (canceled)
 39. A method for producing a vaccine orimmunogenic composition, the method comprising: (a) transfecting a hostcell with a recombinant HSV genome, wherein the recombinant HSV genomecomprises at least one modification in each of the UL53 and UL20 genesand wherein a virus comprising the genome is capable of replication in ahost cell and incapable of entry into axonal compartments of neurons;(b) incubating the transfected host cell under conditions favorable forthe formation of a recombinant HSV virus comprising the recombinant HSVgenome; (c) purifying the recombinant HSV virus comprising therecombinant HSV genome; and optionally (d) combining the purifiedrecombinant HSV virus with at least one pharmaceutically acceptablecomponent.
 40. (canceled)
 41. A method for producing a recombinant HSV,the method comprising: (a) transfecting a host cell with the recombinantHSV genome of claim 18; and (b) incubating the transfected host cellunder conditions favorable for the formation of a recombinant HSV viruscomprising the recombinant HSV genome, whereby a recombinant HSV isproduced. 42-43. (canceled)